镇江英语四级考试纵横谈

一、听力

1．扫描文字内容。有这样一项实验，实验对象分两组（A、B），每组人数相等。两组分别听一个句子，句子中的较好个词都因噪音干扰而不易识别。对应A组的句子为阳光从窗户照进来；对应B组的句子为河马躺在盘子里，结果A组用了10遍听出"阳光"一词，而B组听出"河马"所用次数多于A组。原因很简单，因为"河马"一词在此句中很难找到合适的逻辑位置，因为听力的过程也是理解的过程，是将试卷中文字给出部分与听力和理解相结合的过程。总而言之，做听力题的较好步是将听力部分已给出的文字有所理解、对偏词有所了解、对专有名词的读音有大致的了解，以便在听的过程中能做出反应。

2．A、理解生活。有这样一道听力题（ManWhere shall I plant these seedsBetty WomanLet me see．I think right herein front of the house．QuestionWhere is the conversation most probably taking place答案为In the garden ． 至少选In the garage的同学或是听不懂，或是因为不了解生活。

B、预测下文，加强形象联想。下文为一则幽默：The fat man went to see the doctor．The doctor asked ″Why don＇t you take up golf″" It＇s useless"the fat man answered″When I put the ball where I can see itI Can＇t hit it． When I put the ball where I can hit itI Can＇t see it ．″由于语速快，且几个词反复重复，有些同学就理解不下去。而如果从胖子的较好句话开始预测，抓住Hit．Ball．See这三个关键词，再联想胖子的形象，就容易理解其中幽默之所在了。

C、考前备考建议：①将听力题归类，时间、地点、前后项，婉言拒绝，虚拟等是反复出现的题型。②拿两套题中的前10 Conversations来练，将其script原文写出来。这样练相当费时，需要很大的耐心和毅力，但完成之中必定有突破。根据经验，前10个Conversations较后面的三个Passages要易于短期突破。

二、阅读

阅读为各项中分值较重、分数较多的一部分，是较容易拉开档次的一部分，也是讲究方法短期突破较容易"捞分"的一部分。建议方法如下：

A．单词积累实为必要，但考前一个多月应重在温故。可将以前记过的词再反复几遍，这比背一些完全陌生的新词要快捷，易于提高效率，立杆见影，增强信心。

B．增加考试中阅读部分时间投入，试卷上标的35分钟是不够的，应花40－42分钟，因为这一部分一般至少要拿到28分才能确保及格。

C．加大训练中推理练习，要适度望文生义。有些同学对于没有生词句子的理解翻译时，翻译出来后自己都看不懂，那么此时就要根据语法、上下文及常识来理解了。平时练习时对这类句子较好想出例子来加以说明，以下是些无生词却又不易理解或翻译的句子。

1．Nothing is further from truth． 
2．This photo flattered her． 
3．He didn＇t fail because he was stupid． 
4．Everybody has two diaries． 
5．Liberty is not license． 
6．Thirty is promoted over 50but 30 knows that soon his time to be overtaken will come．

D．阅读题分细节、总结和推理三类。对于细节题，切勿凭感觉，应对照文章，做到一一对应。对于总结题，特别是选择题目的题，应把拟选的一项做题目后，再把写的内容与文章对照，即反方向推理；对于推理题，不要把已明确陈述的内容作为待推理的内容，即明确说出的内容不雪

E．阅读平时要做自我测试。测试时可以30篇文章为一大组，再将这一大组以每组10篇分成3个小组。较好组按考试实战练习，每篇11分钟完成，不论是否全懂，要将选项选出，并将成绩按百分数统计；第二组，可尽情查单词，假想自己是老师，将所有信息理解自己讲授给自己；第三组，先将正确答案写上，然后将文章理解以证明选项的合理性为中心，改正部分同学爱钻牛尖的习惯，使思路靠近出题者。通过这三组的练习，争取做到点面结合，精泛结合。练习、实战结合，以求得到短期突破。

三、词汇语法

在备考中接触更多题的同时，应更注意将已做题中可借鉴推广、举一反三的题重新理解，因为主要的考点都是每次出现的。做法因个人学习习惯不同而有差别。假设Tes6中64题与T8中59题都是考对过去的推理，用mustmay或might加完成时，那么在两处均标上另一处的页号、题号，以增强记忆和理解，也便于考前三天做较后一遍回顾。现列类型例题10道，望同学认真理解、推敲，以解决同一类问题。

①Physicists have made new discoveries that challenge our＿＿＿＿＿＿theories of the universe．keyC A．existed B．adapted C．established D．recognized

②In order to search for the escaped prisonerthe police decide to question＿＿＿＿＿＿comes along this road．keyC A．who B．whom C．whoever D．whomever

③The shopping－bag lady is still at the foot of the escalatorand seem to ＿＿＿＿＿＿there all day．keyB A．sit B．be sitting C．have sat D．have been sitting

④＿＿＿＿＿＿the door than somebody started knocking on it．keyB A．I had closed no sooner B．I had no sooner closed C．No sooner have I closed D．No sooner I closed

⑤We haven＇t seen our neighbours for over a week．They＿＿＿＿＿＿on a trip abroad．keyC A．could go B．must go C．may have gone D．should have gone

⑥George was good at maths．He＿＿＿＿＿＿me the answer but he refused to．keyD A．ought to tell B．might tell C．would have told D．could have told

⑦I agree with you that David is a clever guybut I think he＿＿＿＿＿＿very foolish just now．keyC A．had been B．has been C．is being D．was

⑧It is reported that a series of meetings＿＿＿＿＿＿held about the best way to market the new product．keyA A．was B．were C．has D．have

⑨The Taj Mahal in India has been called the most beautiful building in the world．I＇ve spent＿＿＿＿＿＿moonlit night there ．keyA A．many a B．plenty of C．a great many D．a great deal

⑩The waves＿＿＿＿＿＿violently against the shorepeople couldn＇t hear themcrying for help．keyA A．beating B．beat C．have beaten D．were beating

四、填充

这是一类历来令师生头疼，提高微小的题型。建议在看选项前，先凭语感填上一些可填出的，再同供选项对照。反之，如先看选取项会由于干扰项的影响，会令人感到似乎每个选项都可以，因而拿不定主意。如遇上实在弄不清的选项也不要轻易放弃，只要不影响对整体意思的理解，可继续往下看，后面的信息或文字表达方法或许能有帮助或提示。

五、写作

关于写作的评分，首先要打消一种误解。有些同学认为这种主观题的评分主观性、随机性一定很强，运气成份很大。其实不然。国家对阅卷员也有严格的考察，评的分数是绝对可靠。现将CET－4评分原则及标准列出如下：

大学英语四级和六级考试（CET4～CET6）作文题评分原则及标准 
（一）评分原则

1．CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级和六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。

2．CET作文题采用总体评分（Global Scoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores）。而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。

3．从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。

4．避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括零分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。

（二）评分标准

1．本题满分为15分。

2．阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷一至二份。

3．阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，则可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分）。但不得加或减半分。

4．评分标准

2分--条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 

5分--基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。

8分--基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 

11分--切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。

14分--切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。 
注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分

5．字数不足应酌情扣分。（见下表） 
［注：1．题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数。 2．只写一段者：0－4分；只写两段者：0－9分（指规定三段的作文）］

6．为了便于阅卷人员掌握评分标准，现将各档作文分相当于百分制的得分，列表如下，称为得分率。其中9分的得分率为60分（相当于百分制的60分）。 
关于写作备考，建议如下：

A．句型要有变化性。考生不可全以简单句拼凑文章，应主动使用复句、倒装、排比、平行结构及动词短语，从而使论述更严谨、更有力，并体现出良好的语言驾驶能力。

B．主动使用生动的成语、谚语及有说服的的引语。每次练习时，把这些成语、谚语、引语划出来，以强化主动使用的意识。例如，在论述基础较差的同学不应丧失信心而应继续努力时，可引用Boys to books apply will be great by and by坚持不懈，终成大业；在论述民主与集中的辩证关系时，可引用Liberty is not license自由不等于放纵

C．学会回避。譬如，想表示某人过着豪华的生活，可以说He lived a kind of luxurious life。但考生如不会写luxurious这个词，不妨回避，切勿生拼硬造。考生可以说He had a car a big house and a large company．

D．主动使用过渡词。例如使用firstlysecondlyto make long shortmoreoverhoweverfurthermore等等，这样，会使文章层次清晰，也使自己思路清楚。建议练习时将过渡词划出，以增强主动使用的意识。

E．注意避免逻辑错误 
例1．1997年1月六级考试作文题目为Haste Makes Waste．一考生较好段较好句为Many people believe that the faster the betterbecause they can save time in this way．这样写显然不妥，因为这样写，就等于认定快并可以省时，because这一部分应改为thinking they can save time 
in this way．

例2．1995年6月六级考试作文题目为Should Firecrackers Be Banned是否应该禁放鞭炮？某考生较好段较好句为″Shoule firecrackers be banned″ is always the controversial among the Chinese people．首先，要不要禁放鞭炮并不是中国人唯一有争议的问题，所以不能用定冠词the，而要用不定冠词a。另外，这种争论也不一定会始终持续下去，因此不宜用副词always和一般现在时。建议改为has been a controversial topic among the Chinese people for quite some time． 
例3．It is now universally accepted that children should be encouraged to do as much as they can for themselves in order to develop their brains and musclesbut so few people today seem to have time to allow the elderly the same means of keeping their minds and muscles active．此句中的develop and keeping分别准确对应了儿童和老年人的生理特点，如颠倒则不妥。

F．尽量使用几个"高层次"的词，例如可用 nevertheless代替but，用magnificent代替beautiful．

G．主题句放开头。文章写法因人而异，大作家的写法更难有固定模式。便作为应试手段，考生应现实地去争取做到开宗明义，将主题句（Topic Sentence）放在每段开头。CET－4的作文不是自由作文，而是有控制的作文，但给出的提纲往往是用中文，其目的是避-生将提纲中的文字直接抄录进作文。考生将提纲以主题句的形式放在每段开头表述出来，就可避免跑题，便于阅卷员的工作。

H．字数要足够。四级作文要求至少100个词，字数不足要扣分，这一点在评分标准中有明确规定。考生在平时训练时应按照120词练习，考时也尽量不要只写100词。阅卷如感觉字数不足，不一定会逐字去查，但在分数段内会给低分。

I．卷面要整洁。作文评分不是以貌取人，但卷面是否整洁具有微妙的影响。建议打稿，并在平时训练中掌握自己誊写一篇作文所需要的时间。

现将2001年6月四级作文A Letter to a Schoolmate各分数段供考生理解借鉴

A Letter to a Schoolmate 

14 points 
I am delighted to learn that you are going to visit me during the week－long holiday．My parents will also be happy to see you again．I am sure you will enjoy every minute here． 
I know you are fond of swimming．A river lies not far away from my home．We can go swimming there．I think it would be very pleasant and refreshing to swim in such hot summer day．In every big room of my home there is an air－conditioner．We can watch TV，play VCDs or read books very comfortably at home．

A mountain about two miles away from here is beautiful and it is worth touring．We can go there on foot．When we climb to the top of the mountain，we can have a wonderful bird－eye view of the whole village．

Just phone me before you set off．There is no need for you to take anything．I'll perpare everything for you． 

I am looking forward to seeing you soon． 
11 points

You can't imagine how happy I was when I heard that your would come to visit me．We haven't seen each other for a long time，so I am counting the days．

I have arranged a schedule for our holiday．You haven't been to shanghai before．When you see it，you will be hard to believe your eyes．Shanghai is very modern．First，we will go out for shopping，and then go some sight－seeings，such as Yu Yuan Garden and People Square．If you like，we can go to see some old friends．I bet they will be as happy as I am when seeing you．Do you like the suggestion I made above？If there is something unsuitable，we will talk about them when you arrive．OK？

Oh，please remember to bring your winter colthes with you，because Shanghai is a little bit colder than SiChuan．

Remember me to your parents． 
8 points 
I'm very glad that you will come to see me during the week－long holiday．We have not seen each other for two years．So this time we can spend the holiday together will make me so happy． Since you left Shanghai two years ago，Shanghai has changed a lot．The city is more beautiful and buildings are higher．You will surely superise the changes．I have helped you to make some arrangments during the holiday．We can go shopping in Nanjing Road which is the best road of Shanghai．We can go to people's square and history museum to visit．We can also visit the JingMao Building which is the highest building of China．Shanghai has many new and good place we can visit．The time table of visit we can make wh en you come．What do you think of my advice．

By the way，you should telephone me when you come to Shanghai，I will meet you in the railway station．I'm waiting for your come．

5 points

I have known you will come to Shanghai．Three years ago，you went to the England．From then，we haven't meet with each other，I welcome that you can return your country． 
From your letter，I have known you have a week－long holiday．There is a great change in Shanghai．I think you must be feel suprised with what you see．So I advise you visit some place，that we often went ago．And you can visit some old－classmates．they also mise you very much． If you don't want to hotel you can live in my home．You'd better buy a map．I'm afraid you will be at a lost．But even if you can't find bus stop，you still can go to anywhere by taxi．I hope you will have an unforgetable holiday．

2 points 
I'm very happy for your coming． 
It's time for us to visit Shanghai．We can go to popular－squire．It has been great changed since you visited last time．You will surprise for its beauty．Then we can visit Shanghai Musuem．That is interstring．And you can go to NanJin－road．It is very boom and you can shopping there．We will play very happily during the week－long holiday．

You don't forget to dail me．And tell me what's the data，time you coming，where I can pick up your．Don't carry any－thing because I have ready for all．When coming，you should stay station or we will miss Remeber all above．

I'm wait for your coming．When meeting you，I'll talk you dital．

六、简答题

为了避免应试教育，也为了考查学生书面表达能力，可能会出现简答题来代替填空题。 
简答题评分原则及标准如下： 简答题评分原则及标准

（一）简答题要求学生在读懂文章的基础上，用正确简洁的语言回答问题。在评分的同时考虑内容和语言。每题满分为2分，较低分为0分。

（二）给分标准：

2分--答出全部内容，语言正确； 
1分--答出部分内容，语言正确； 
0分--没有答对问题 。 

（三）扣分标准：

1语言错误扣05分，每题语言错误扣分不超过05分（标点符号和大小写错误忽略不计）； 
2涉及无关内容者扣05分；若答案中有相互矛盾的内容，则内容相互矛盾的部分皆不得分； 
3整句原封不动照搬，扣05分； 
4考生所给答案超过10个单词扣05分。 
如答案涵盖两个方面，而考生只答对其中一个方面时，答错的一方面则在扣除1分后不再以多余信息另外扣分，但其中如有语言错误则再扣05分。

要做到简答，关键就是要扣住中心词。what提起的问题，回答要扣在名词上；how提起的问题要扣在副词或相当于副词的结构上，例如对于What did he buy？可简答为A car；How did he buy the car？可简答为By selling the old one．

考生切忌存在侥幸心理而两面堵，这在扣分标准2中已明确阐述。简答题文章难度要低于阅读理解中的文章难度，考生只要参照上述规则和建议，一般得分会高于在填充题中的得分。

七、翻译

同简答题一样，翻译题也可以用填充题来替代，以考查学生理解和书面表达能力。翻译题采分点和评分细则每次评卷都是以抽样示列作为评分依据，此处很难象作文或简答题那样列出通用的细则，但建议考生：

A以信为主，翻译讲求信、达、雅，但如译文过于笼统、花哨以致阅卷员无法确定考生是否理解关键采分点，那么考生就要丢分。

B看上下文。翻译共四个句子，均出自阅读理解的文章。因此，要把译出的句子放在上下文中检验是否通顺合理。

C长句断开。对于长句，如定语从句尤其是非限制性定语从句，考生往往缺乏驾驭能力，因此，较好断成两句或三句译出。

八、复合听写

CET－4另一种可能题型是听力有10分的题以复合式听写的形式出现。即一篇短文有10处空，要求考生填出前7处空均为一个单词，后三处空为句子。前7处空每空05分，有拼写错误也将不得分；后三处空中两处每题2分，第三处25分，考生可根据理解用自己的语言表达式。此三种评分标准与简答题给分标准及扣分标准第1条一样。

复合式听写共读三遍，建议考生用铅笔直接在试卷中填，以免另用纸张记录分散精力，消耗时间。较后用钢笔或圆珠笔填好后，用橡皮将铅笔记录擦掉。

以上就评分规则及应试对策、方法、手段从八个部分进行了分项论述。正如前言中所指出的，大部分学生集中在50多分，这类学生我称之为"临界学生"。此类学生，如按照上述建议备考、参考，是完全能够通过，而他们的通过会使全校通过率有大幅度提高。